How to Draw Fondation Plans

Appendices

Calculations to check whether a proposed site will support a building

If there is doubt whether the soil at a proposed site will support a building (run across page 18) it may be necessary to estimate both the weight of the planned building and the weight-bearing capacity of the soil. This section contains step-by-step directions and tables for both these estimates.

Important NOTE: The weight of a planned building cannot be estimated until the builders have decided:

• its size and shape;

• what its walls will be made of and how thick they will be;

• what kind of roof it will have.

CALCULATING A BUILDING'South WEIGHT PER Square METER

Several calculations must be made to judge a building'southward weight per square meter. For the purposes of interpretation, figure that:

Equation 1.

Weight per square meter = [ weight of longest wall (kg) + weight of roof supported by longest wall (kg) ] / length of longest wall (m)

To find the weight per square meter, therefore, the planner start needs to determine each of the three items on the right side of Equation 1. Follow these steps:

Pace 1. Enter the planned length of the longest wall in Equation 1:

Equation 1.

STEP 2. Calculate the weight of the longest wall.

Equation ane.

(a) Use the following equation to determine the weight of the longest wall:

Equation 2

(b) Use Tabular array A to discover the weight per sq. meter for every centimeter of wall thickness of the material with which the building's walls volition be built.

Table A
wall cloth	kg/sq. meter per centimeter wall thickness
concrete block	90
stabilized world	125
sand-cement block	75
adobe	125
stone/rock	150

(c) Multiply the number you observe in Table A by the thickness of the building's walls. The result will

be the weight of 1 sq. meter of wall; enter it in the correct place in Equation two:

Equation 2

(d) Next, multiply the length of the longest wall in meters by its acme. The reply volition be the number of sq. meters in the wall. Enter this figure in the correct identify in Equation

Equation 2

(e) Compute the weight of the longest wall based on the figures you have entered in Equation two in steps 2(c) and two(d).

Stride 3. Estimate the weight of the roof supported by the longest wall.

Equation 1

(a) Use the following equation to estimate the weight of the roof supported by the longest wall:

Equation3

(b) Use Tabular array viii to observe the estimated weight of the roof per sq. meter. If yous are in dubiety most the roof-way planned, use the figure on the table for flat roofs. Enter the figure you observe in Tabular array B in Equation iii:

Table B
Roof way	Roof load per sq. grand
pitched	170 kg
apartment	190 kg

Equation 3

Weight of roof supported by longest wall = weight of roof per sq. meter � number of sq. meters in roof

(c) Next, multiply the length of the roof by its width. If the roof has not been planned yet, assume that information technology volition exist 1 meter longer and ane meter wider than the edifice. The answer will exist the number of foursquare meters in the roof. Enter this figure in the correct place in Equation 3:

Equation 3

(d) Compute the weight of roof supported by the longest wall using the figures you lot take entered in Equation 3 in steps three(b) and 3(c).

STEP four. Enter the figures y'all calculated in steps i, ate), and 3(c) in Equation 1, and calculate the weight of the edifice per square meter:

Equation 1

Step five. Finally, compare the edifice's weight per foursquare meter with the weight - bearing chapters of the soil at the site indicated in Table C.

Table C
Type of soil	Weight-begetting capacity (kg/sq.thou)
Soft, black, drained marsh, or "fill"	four,900 - 10,000
Gravel, sand	29,400
Difficult - packed clay	58,800
Rock	156,000

Weight per square meter

SAMPLE CALCULATION OF A BUILDING'Due south WEIGHT PER SQUARE METER

Here is a step-past-pace sample of how the weight of a building would be estimated, following the procedure outlined on pages 202-205.

Assume that the building pictured above is planned to be seven.five meters long and 2.four meters loftier along its longest wall; assume likewise that the walls will exist made of 20cm thick sand-cement blocks, and that the roof volition exist 8.7 meters long and three meters wide, with a pitched design. If the site selected for the building is soft, dark soil that tin can support 4,900 kg/sq. meter, can the building be constructed as planned?

Here are the calculations:

Equation 1

Weight per foursquare meter = [ weight of longest wall (kg) + weight of roof supported by longest wall (kg) ] / length of longest wall

Stride 1. Enter the length of the longest wall in Equation 1:

Equation i

STEP two. Calculate the weight of the longest wall.

(a) Use Equation ii:

(b) Use Table A, page 203, to detect the wall's weight per square meter for every centimeter of wall thickness.

The building'due south walls will exist made of sand-cement blocks which Table A says weigh 75 kg/aq. meter for every centimeter of wall thickness.

(c) Multiply the figure you detect in Tabular array A by the thickness of the edifice'due south walls. The result volition be the weight of 1 square meter of wall. Enter this respond in the correct place in Equation 2.

The sand-cement blocks that volition exist used will be 20cm thick. Then a wall made of these blocks volition counterbalance 75 kg/sq. meter x 20cm thick = 1500 kg/square meter.

Entering this answer in Equation 2:

(d) Multiply the length of the longest wall in meters by its height and enter the result in the right place in Equation 2.

The longest wall of the edifice volition be 7.v meters long and 2.4 meters high. 7.5 10 2.4 = 18 square meters.

Entering this respond in Equation 2:

(e) Compute the weight of the longest wall based on the figures you have entered in Equation two in steps 2(c) and 2(d).

1500 kg/sq. meter ten 18 sq. meters = 27,000 kg. Entering this upshot in Equation 1:

STEP 3. Estimate the weight of the roof supported by the longest wall.

(a) Utilize Equation three:

Equation three

(b) Utilize Table B. page 204, to find the estimated weight of the roof per square meter. Enter this figure in the correct place in Equation 3.

The roof is planned with a pitched roof that Table B says will weigh nigh 170 kg/sq. meter.

Inbound this reply in Equation 3:

(c) Multiply the length of the roof by its acme to find the number of square meters of roof space planned. Enter this figure In the correct place in Equation 3.

The roof is planned to exist 3 meters wide and 8.7 meters long. am x eight.7m = 26.1 foursquare meters.

Entering this answer in Equation three:

(d) Compute the weight of roof supported by the longest wall using the figures yous take entered in Equation 3 in steps three(b) and three(c).

170 kg/sq. meter x 26.1 sq. meters = 4,437 kg. Entering this result in Equation 1:

STEP four. Summate the weight of the building per square meter, using the figures you calculated in steps one, 2(e), and 3(c) and Equation i.

The edifice will weigh approximately iv,191 kg/sq. meter.

Footstep 5. Compare the building's estimated weight/square meter with the weight-bearing capacity of the soil at the site. Employ Table C, folio 205.

According to Tabular array C, the weight-bearing capacity of the soft, dark soil at this site is 4,900 kg/sq. meter. Since this building will weigh just 4,191 kg/sq. meter, the edifice can be built safely at this site.

To determine whether the soil at any proposed site volition support a planned building, all the architect needs to do is substitute the figures for his/her edifice and site in the step-past-step equations on pages 202-205, equally shown.

Step-by-step directions for cartoon foundation plans

Two kinds of drawings are important aids to help the field worker and community members visualize their foundation plans and check their progress during construction:

• a cross-section view of the footing and foundation wall; and

• a view from higher up of the footing and foundation wall measurements.

When a community grouping is ready to brainstorm construction of the foundation, it's a good idea to help them build a small sit-in department of footing and foundation wall that they can use forth with these drawings to check their progress. The sit-in section will help everyone see what they accept planned to do; at the same time, it will give them practice in the construction techniques and skills they must use on the actual foundation.

DRAWING A CROSS-SECTION VIEW OF THE FOUNDATION

Cartoon a cross-department view of the foundation is unproblematic. Hither are examples of a cross-section for a rock foundation and for a block foundation wall. Both drawings prove physical footings besides:

Rock foundation wall

Drawing Basis AND FOUNDATION MEASUREMENTS (VIEW FROM ABOVE)

Cartoon the foundation measurements as they would await from above is besides simple.

Hither are footstep-by-step instructions for drawing the foundation measurements of a sample building:

1. Draw a solid line representing the outside dimensions of the walls of the building, This line will also correspond the outside dimensions of the foundation wall.

Outside wall

2. Describe a 2nd solid line inside the starting time one to represent the inside dimensions of the building's walls. This line volition as well correspond the inside dimensions of the foundation wall. The space between the two lines should exist exactly the width of the planned walls to scale.

The space between the ii lines

3. Decrease the width of the wall from the planned width of the foundation basis. Divide the remainder in two and convert the reply into the scale dimension beingness used in the drawing. This figure represents the distance between the inner side of the wall and the inner side of the foundation basis.

4. Draw a dotted line inside the drawing of the walls. This line represents the inner dimension of the footing. The space betwixt it and the inside solid line (step #2) should be exactly the distance calculated in step #3.

Within edge of footing

5. Draw a dotted line outside the cartoon of the walls. This line represents the outer dimension of the footing. The infinite between it and the exterior solid line (step #i) should be exactly the distance calculated in step #iii.

With of footing

6. On either side of the drawing'due south length, add a solid line exactly as long as the longest wall (that is, the longest outer solid line).

7. On either side of the cartoon'due south width, add together a solid line exactly equally long equally the longest wall (that is, the longest outer solid line).

Length and weight

8. Place a mark along each line from steps #6-7 wherever the outer wall turns a corner. Indicate the bodily length of each directly section of wall.

Identify a marker along each line

ix. Outside the lines fatigued in steps #vi-7, draw ii more solid lines exactly every bit long as the length and width of the outer dotted line. Marking these lines to indicate the bodily length of each directly section of foundation ground.

ten. Underneath the completed drawing, write down what the footing and foundation wall will exist fabricated of and their cross-department dimensions.

11. The completed drawing is an bodily calibration drawing showing the trenches that must exist dug for the footing and the dimensions of the foundation walls.

Complet foundation plans

Estimating the amount of concrete needed for a floor

To estimate the amount of concrete needed for a floor, use the following equation and table:

Equation

Tabular array. SUGGESTED THICKNESS OF CONCRETE FLOORS

Purpose of Floor	Thickness (m)
School, Clinic, Business firm	.100
Garage (for vehicles)	.125
Subcontract storage (heavy equipment)	.150

Footstep 1. Detect the thickness of the concrete layer that should be used for your edifice in the table, Enter this effigy in the Equation:

STEP 2, Multiply the length of your building by its width to find out what floor space information technology will have. Enter this figure in the Equation:

STEP 2. Multiply the length of your edifice by its width to find out what floor space information technology volition take. Enter this figure in the Equation:

Cubic meters of concrete needed for floor = thickness of concrete layer (g) x flooring surface area (sq. meters)

Figure

In cases where the building volition not exist a unproblematic rectangle, the total floor area tin can be determined by multiplying the length and width of each separate room and and then adding the areas of all rooms together.

Sample Calculation:

Floor area Room ane	= 2m 10 ii.0m	= 4.0 sq. thou
Floor area Room two	= 1m ten 1.5m	= 1.5 sq. m
Floor area Room 3	= 1m x 1.0m	= 1.0 sq. g
Total Floor Area		= 6.v sq. one thousand

In circular buildings, the floor area will exist the radius of the edifice squared times 3.14. The radius is the altitude from the outside of a circle to its center.

Sample Calculation:

Floor Surface area	= Radius (2m) x Radius (2m) x 3.xiv
	= 4 sq. meters x three.14
	= 12.56 sq. meters

Calculation area

Step 3. Enter the answers you establish in steps 1 and 2 in the Equation and multiply them. The answer will correspond the number of cubic meters of concrete that must be purchased or made for the flooring.

Sample Calculation (using figures for round dispensary shown above)

Cubic meters of physical needed for floor	= thickness of concrete layer (yard) � floor area (sq. meters )
	= .10m x 12.56 sq. meters
	= 1.256 cubic meters

Estimating materials needed to build walls

This section gives step-by-step directions for calculating the materials needed to build three types of wall: poured concrete, rammed world, and brick/block.

POURED CONCRETE AND RAMMED Earth

To determine how much poured physical or rammed earth he/she needs, the builder must summate how many cubic meters of material it will take to "fill up" the wall infinite.

Apply the following equation:

Equation .

Cubic meters of material needed for i wall = thickness of wall (meters) � wall area (sq. meters)

Poured concrete / rammed world form

Pace 1. Decide how thick the wall will be (see page 34 for a discussion of what to consider when planning wall thickness}. Enter this figure in the correct part of the equation.

Step ii. Summate the wall area in square meters by multiplying the wall'south length past its width.

STEP 3. Multiply the answers you found in steps 1 and 2. The result will be the cubic meters of concrete or rammed globe you volition demand to build that one wall.

STEP 4. Repeat steps ane through iii for each wall of the building.

Step 5. Add the cubic meters of concrete or rammed earth needed for all the walls of the building. The result volition be the total number of cubic meters of physical or rammed earth you volition demand for the building.

Computing Bags of Cement Needed for a Concrete Wall

Builders who programme to purchase the cement for their concrete need to know how many sacks or bags of cement to purchase. Once you lot have determined how many cubic meters of concrete yous will need, finding the number of bags of cement is easy: just await the answer upward in Table three, in Appendix four (folio 222). To use the table, first, notice the concrete mixture you plan to use. In the case of walls, the mixture would be ane:2 3/4 :4 The table will then tell you how many cubic meters of physical y'all will get from ane sack of cement. Divide the number of cubic meters of physical you program to use by the amount you lot would become from one sack. The answer will be the number of sacks of cement you need to purchase.

Computing Wheelbarrowsful of Rammed Earth or Concrete Needed

Many builders desire to know how many wheelbarrows full of physical or rammed earth they must bring to the structure site for wall structure: this data gives them an idea of how much piece of work will be involved.

The number of wheelbarrowsful needed can be estimated by post-obit these steps:

• Build a form exactly 1 cubic meter in size and count how many wheelbarrowsful of rammed earth or concrete it takes to fill the form.

• Multiply this number by the total cubic meters of textile that are needed for construction (from Step five, page 216). Your answer will tell you how many wheelbarrowsful are needed.

Cake AND BRICK WALLS

To estimate the number of blocks or bricks needed to build a wall, follow these steps:

Stride 1. Calculate the wall expanse in square meters by multiplying the wall's length past its width.

STEP two. Note downwards the nominal size of the block face. The nominal face of a block is the superlative and length of the cake surface visible in the wall later on the block is laid.

Block and brick walls

STEP iii. Use the table below to notice how many blocks or bricks of the size y'all plan to apply are needed to build one square meter of wall surface.

APPROXIMATE NUMBER OF BLOCKS OR BRICKS REQUIRED TO BUILLD ane Foursquare METER WALL SURFACE

Nominal Size of Confront (cm)	Number of Blocks or Bricks Needed
7,5 ten xx	65
10.0 x 30	32,5
13.25 x 30	25
xv,0 ten 30	22
twenty,0 x 30	16,v
xv,0 x 40	16,v
20.0 x xl	12,5
15,0 x 60	11

STEP iv. Multiply the number you institute in the table past the number of foursquare meters of wall surface you found in footstep 1, The result will be the approximative number of blocks or bricks needed to build the wall,

Sample Adding:

How many blocks would it accept to build a wall with 17 square meters surface surface area using blocks with a nominal face up 15cm x 30cm?

The table shows that 22 15cm x 30cm blocks are needed to build 1 square meter of wall expanse.

17 sq. meters x 22 blocks/sq. meter = 374 blocks

Step 5. Repeat steps 1 through four for each wall of the building and add together the results. The total will represent the number of blocks or bricks you lot must buy or make for the walls.

Note: Any gauge of the number of blocks/bricks needed for a edifice'due south walls arrived at through this method will include extra blocks, since the space taken by window and door openings is treated as though information technology were filled in with blocks. Generally it is a practiced idea to buy or make these extra blocks. This will requite you a margin of fault for wasted or broken blocks.

Computing Mortar Quantities

The amount of mortar needed to bond the blocks/bricks for a edifice depends on the number of blocks/bricks and their size. To calculate the amount of mortar needed for lam thick mortar joints, follow these steps:

• Dissever the number of blocks needed for the building past 100, For case, if the edifice requires 1,536 blocks, 1536 . 100 = xv.36.

• Use the table below to find the cubic meters of mortar needed to lay 100 blocks. For example, if the nominal size of the blocks used will be 10cm x 20cm 10 40cm, .073 cubic meters of mortar would be needed to lay every 100 blocks.

• Multiply the answers found in the above steps. For example, if ane,536 blocks of nominal size 10cm 10 20cm x 40cm are needed for a edifice's walls, multiply 15.36 ten .073. xv.36 x .073 = one.12 cubic meters of mortar. Table 7 in Appendix 5 (folio 224) may be used to make up one's mind how much cement, lime, and sand yous will need to make the mortar required for any building.

QUANTITIES OF MORTAR REQUIRED TO LAY 100 BLOCKS/BRICKS (Mortar for Joints 1cm Thick Including 25% Allowance for Waste)

Nominal Size of Blocks/Bricks (cm)	Cubic Meters of Mortar
10 10 13,25 x 30	.053
15 x 13,25 10 thirty	.053
20 ten 13,25 10 30	.067
ten x 15 x xxx	.065
xv x xv ten 30	.065
20 x 15 x 30	.070
10 x twenty x 30	.061
xv x 20 x xxx	.061
twenty x 20 ten 30	.076
ten 10 20 10 40	.073
15 x 20 ten forty	.073
xx x 20 x 40	.092
25 x 20 10 40	.092
30 x xx x forty	.092
15 x 15 x threescore	.092
20 x xv x 60	.115
25 x 15 x sixty	.115
xxx x 15 x threescore	.115

Reference tables for concrete structure

TABLE i

Recommended	Thickness of Concrete Slabs (cm)
Basement floors for dwellings	10
Porch floors	x-12.v
Stock barn floors	12.v-15
Poultry business firm floors	10
Hog house floors	10
Milk house floors	x
Granary floors	12.5
Implement shed floors	15
Tile flooring bases	half dozen.25

TABLE 2

Quantities of Materials Required to Build Ane Cubic Meter of Concrete (for Aggregates 2.5 Centimeters or Less)

Mixtures	Barrels of Cement	Cubic Meters of Sand	Cubic Meters of Stone
1:1:1�	3.56	.40	.60
1:1:ii	3.23	.36	.73
i:ane:2�	2.90	.33	.81
1:ane:3	ii.64	.thirty	.89
1:i�:2	3.04	.43	.68
1:1�:three	2.44	.42	.84
one:13/4:2	two.75	.54	.62
1:ane iii/iv:2�	two.64	.51	.67
1: 1 3/4:2 3/iv	two.44	.47	.eighty
1:two:3	2.24	.50	.77
1:2:3�	2.07	.48	.83
1:2:4	1.95	.44	.88
1:two:5	1.73	.39	•97
1 :two�:2�	2.32	.59	.65
one :2�:3	2.18	.55	.74
1 :2�:4	i.91	.48	.86
1:2�:v	1.68	.42	.94
ane:2�:3	ii.11	.59	.71
1 :ii�:3�	1.98	.56	.78
one:ii�:4	1.82	.51	.82
1:ii�:4�	i.82	.48	.87
1:2�:5	i.62	.46	.91
one:2 3/four ;4	1.74	.54	.79
i:3:4	1.66	.56	.75
i:3:5	1.49	.51	.84
i:3:six	1.36	.46	.92

Tabular array 3

Volume of Concrete Construction per Sack of Cement (for Aggregates Not Larger than 2.5

Centimeters)

Concrete Mixtures	Cubic Meters of Concrete Per Sack of Cement	Concrete Mixtures	Cubic Meters of Concrete Per Sack of Cement
1:1:1�	.07	1:2�:2�	.10
ane:1:two	.08	ane:2�:3	.12
1:1:2�	.09	1:two�:4	.13
one:1:iii	.10	1:2�:5	.15
i:i�:ii	.08	1:2�:three	.12
1:1�:3	.ten	one:2�:iii�	.thirteen
one:1 3/four:2�	.10	1:2�:iv	.14
one:i �:2�	.10	ane:two�:4�	.15
1:1 3/4:2 3/four	.10	1:2�:5a	.15
1:two:3	.11	1:2:3/four:four	.fourteen
1:2:3�	.12	ane:three:4	.xiv
1:two:4	.13	i:3:5	.17
ane:2:v	.14	ane:iii:6	.18

TABLE iv

Suitable Mixtures for Diverse Concrete Construction Projects

	Concrete Mixture
Floors
. 1 Course	1:1 3/iv:4
. Heavy Duty, One Course	i:one:2
. Farm Buildings	1:2�:iii
Foundation Walls and Footings	1:ii 3/4:four
Basement Walls	1:2�:iv
Tanks	ane:ii:3
Fence Posts	1:1:ane�
Retaining Walls	1:two:iii�
Barnyard Pavements	ane:3:5
Lintels	1:2:4
Beam Filling	i:three:iv
Silo Pits	1:2�:three
Steps	1:2�:iii

Table 5

Approximate Number of Bricks Required to Build 10 Square Meters of Exterior Wall Surface

(Mortar joints 1.25cm thick)

Wall Thickness (cm)	(Nominal) Size of Brick (cm)
	half dozen.5 x x x 20	7.five x 10 x 20	ten x ten x twenty	5.6 ten 9.4 ten 20
10	730	650	485	665
xx	1455	1300	970	1330
30	2075	1950	1455	1995
twoscore	2910	2600	1940	2660

TABLE 6

Mortar Required to Lay 1000 Bricks With 1.25cm Mortar Joints (ten% Allowance for Waste Included)

NOMINAL SIZE OF BRICK: 10cm x 6.5cm x 20cm 10cm x 7.5cm x 20cm 10cm x 10cm x 20m

WALL THICKNESS

10cm*	.32 cu. meters	.33 cu. meters	.36 cu. meters
20cm	.42 cu. meters	.44 cu. meters	.50 cu. meters
30cm**	.45 cu. meters	.47 cu. meters	.55 cu. meters

* Figures for 10cm thick walls include mortar for bed and finish Joints just.

** Figures for 20cm and 30cm thick walls include bed and end articulation mortar plus mortar for the vertical joints needed in double brick walls.

TABLE 7

Materials Required To Make 0,ten Cubic Meters of Mortar

Mortar Mixtures By Book 1 function cement	50kg Sacks of Cement	25kg Sacks of Hydrated Lime or Clay Mortar	Cubic Meters of Sand
� part dirt mortar	ix.79	4.11	0.75
three parts sand
i function cement
� role hydrated lime	seven.93	ane.33	0.64
three parts sand
i part cement
one office hydrated lime	4.23	2.89	0.69
6 parts sand
1 role masonry cement	eight.73		0.68
3 parts sand

Metric measurements used in this manual and their U.S. equivalents

LENGTH

one meter (m) = 39.37 inches = 3.28 anxiety = 1.31 yards

1 centimeter (cm) = 0.01 meters = 0.3937 inches

1 foot = 0.3048 meters

1 k = 0.9144 meters

i inch = ii.54 centimeters

AREA

ane square meter = 10.76 square anxiety

(sq. chiliad)

1 square foot = 0.3048 sg. Meters = 929 sq. centimeters

Volume

ane cubic meter = 1.308 cubic yards

(cu. m)

1 cubic yard = 0.7646 cu. meters

WEIGHT

1 kilogram (kg) = 2.2046 pounds

1 pound = 0.4536 kilograms

Sources of farther information

Annotation: Wherever possible, the address through which copies of the post-obit sources may be obtained has been listed. Several manuals are unpublished material that may only exist institute in Peace Corps files. Questions about these materials should exist sent to:

Peace Corps

Information Collection & Exchange

806 Connecticut Artery, N.W.

Washington, D.C. 20525

U.s.a.

BAMBOO:

1. McClure, F.A., Bamboo equally a Edifice Material. U.Southward. Dept. of Agriculture, Foreign Agriculture Service, 1970. Write to:

Dept. of Housing and Urban Affairs

Segmentation of International Affairs

Washington, D.C. 20410 United states

2. United Nations Dept. of Economical and Social Affairs. The Use of Bamboo and Reeds in Building Construction. Publication ST/SOA/113. Refer to sales # Due east.72.Iv.3 and write to:

Un Sales Department

New York, New York USA

CONCRETE Structure AND REINFORCED Concrete COLUMNS:

three. Brann, Donald R. Concrete Work Simplified, Revised Edition, Directions Simplified, Inc., 1971. Write to:

Directions Simplified, Inc.

Easi-Build Design Co., Inc.

529 North Land Road

Briarcliff Manor, New York 10510 USA

iv. Dalzell, James Ralph and Gilbert Townsend. Concrete Cake Construction for Dwelling and Farm. American Technical Society, Chicago, 1957. Write to:

American Technical Social club

5608 Stony Island Avenue

Chicago, Illinois 60637 USA

5. Davies, John Duncan. Structural Concrete. MacMillan and Co., New York, 1964. Write to:

MacMillan Publishing Co., Inc.

Riverside, New Jersey 08075 USA

six. Gibson, J. Herbert. Concrete Design and Construction. American Technical Society, Chicago, 1951. Write to same address as #4 on folio 226.

7. Putnam, Robert. Concrete Cake Structure, tertiary Edition. American Technical Society, Chicago, 1973. Write to same address as #4 on folio 226.

eight. Randall, Frank A. Jr. and William C. Panarese. Concrete Masonry Handbook. Portland Cement Clan, 1976. Write to:

Portland Cement Association

Sometime Orchard Route

Skokie, Illinois 60076 USA

nine. Waddell, Joseph J. Concrete Construction Handbook, 2nd Edition, McGraw Hill Co., New York, 1974. Write to:

McGraw Hill Book Co.

1221 Artery of the Americas

New York, New York 10036 USA

10. Winter, George. Design of Physical Structures, 8th Edition. McGraw Loma Co., New York 1972. Write to same address equally #9 above.

FOUNDATIONS AND FOUNDATION DESIGNS:

11. Brann, Donald R. Forms, Footings, Foundations, Framing. Directions Simplified, Inc., 1974. Write to aforementioned accost as #three, page 226.

12. Carson, Arthur Brinton. Foundation Construction. McGraw Hill Co., New York, 1965. Write to same address every bit #ix above.

13. Chellis, Robert Dunning. Pile Foundations, 2nd Edition. McGraw Hill Co., New York, 1961. Write to same accost as #ix above.

14. Ulrey, Harry R. Carpenters and Builders Library: Layouts, Foundations, Framing. Theodore Audel & Co., Indiannapolis, 1974. Write to:

Bobb-Merrill Co. Inc.

4300 W 62nd Street

Indiannapolis, Indiana 46268 USA

BLOCK AND BRICK CONSTRUCTION {MASONRY):

fifteen. Boudreau, Eugene H. Making the Adobe Brick. 5th-Street Press, New York, 1971. Write to:

Bookworks

Random Firm, Inc.

457 Hahn Route

Westminster, Maryland 21157 USA

sixteen. Busch, Lawrence. Structure With Pressed Earth Cake (Togo). Peace Corps: write to address on top of page 226.

17. Dalzell, J. Ralph. Simplified Masonry Planning and Building. McGraw Loma, New York, 1953. Write to aforementioned accost equally #9 above.

18. Dixon, Michael. Field Manual for Production of Bricks in a Rural Surface area (Pakistan). Peace Corps: write to address on acme of page 226.

nineteen. Frankly, Lee. The Masonry House: Step-by-Stride Construction in Tile and Brick. Duell, Sloan, and Pearce, New York, 1950. No address available.

20. Ray, J. Edgar. Revised by Harold V. Johnson. The Art of Bricklaying. Charles A. Bennett Co., 1971. Write to:

Charles A. Bennett Co., Inc.

809 West Detweiller Drive

Peoria, Illinois 61614 USA

21. U.Due south. Dept. of Agriculture. Building With Adobe and Stabilized Earth Blocks. Dept. of Agriculture Leaflet No. 2535. Write to U.Southward. Dept. of Agronomics, Independence Artery, Washington, D.C. N.W. USA

WOOD-FRAME CONSTRUCTION:

22. Anderson, Leroy Oscar. How to Build a Wood-Frame House. Dover Press, 1973. (Reissue of the revised 1970 Edition of the U.South. Dept. of Agronomics Handbook No. 73, originally pulbished by Government Printing Office under the title of Woods-Frame Firm Construction.) Write to same accost as #21 higher up, or to:

Dover Publications, Inc.

180 Varick Streeet

New York, New York 10014 United states

23. Anderson, Leroy Oscar. Depression-Cost Wood Homes for Rural America: Construction Manual. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture Handbook No. 364. Write to same address equally #21 above.

24. Blackburn, Graham. Illustrated Housebuilding. Overlook Press, 1974. Write to:

Overlook Press

c/o Viking Press

625 Madison Avenue

New York, New York 10022 USA

25. Brann, Donald R. How to Build an Addition. Directions Simplified, Inc., 1975. Write to same address equally #3, page 226.

LATRINES:

26. Karlin, Barry. Thailand's Water-Seal Privy Program: A Procedural and Technical Review. U.S.O.K., Korat, Thailand. Write to the Peace Corps at the accost on top of folio 226, or to the author at:

American Public Health Association

1015 18th Street, N.W.

Washington, D.C. USA

27. Wagner, Edmund G. and J.N. Lanoix. Excreta Disposal for Rural Areas and Pocket-sized Communities. World Wellness Organisation, Geneva, 1958. Write to:

Q Corporation

49 Sheridan Avenue

Albany New York, 12210

System AND Direction OF SELF-Aid CONSTRUCTION GROUPS:

28. Peace Corps (Jamaica). Transmission for Supervising Cocky-Aid Home Construction with Stablilized Earth Blocks. Write to address on top of page 226.

29. Warner, Jack R. Handbook of Structure: Peace Corps Preparation Manual. Longmans Green and Co., London. Write to address on top of page 226.

ESTIMATING CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND COSTS:.

30. Cooper, F. Edifice Construction Estimating. McGraw Hill Co., 1959. Write to same accost equally #9 on folio 227.

GENERAL Construction

31. Alcock, A.Due east.South. and Richards. How to Build: Setting Out. Longmans Co., London, 1960. Write to:

Longmans, Inc.

19 West 44th Street

Suite 1012

New York, New York 10036 USA

32. East Pakistan (Bangladesh) Public Works. Edifice Design Transmission. Dacca, 1965. Write to address on peak of page 226.

33. Fullerton, Richard L. Building Structure in Warm Climates, Volumes 1 and two. Oxford Tropical Handbooks, Oxford University Press, London, 1967. Write to:

Oxford Academy Press, Inc.

200 Madison Avenue

New York, New York 10016 U.s.a.

34. Intermediate Engineering Group. Intermediate Technology Series: Manual on Edifice Construction. Parnell House, London. Write to:

Intermediate Technology Grouping

Parnell House

London, ENGLAND

35. Peace Corps (Togo). Construction Handbook: In-Country Training. Peace Corps, 1974. Write to address on top of page 226.

36. Ulrey, Harry F. Carpenters and Builders Library: Tools, Steel Foursquare, Joinery. Theodore Audel & Co., Indiannapolis, 1974. Write to same address equally #xiv, page 227.

37. U.Due south. Dept. of Housing and Urban Development, Function of International Affairs. Como Fabricar Una Casa Usanda. Tecnica Ayuda Propia. Government Printing Function, 1974. Write to same address every bit #ane, page 226, or to:

U.S. Government Printing Part

North Capitol Street, North.W.

Washington, D.C. USA

''Human measuring pieces'' for designing room size and flooring plan

Human measuring pieces
Human measuring pieces - go on i
Homo measuring pieces - continue 2
Planning pieces

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